آیین پروتستان و فمینیسم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار الاهیات، مدرسه الاهیات شهر آستین، ایالت تگزاس آمریکا

2 دانشجوی دکتری مطالعات زنان، دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب، قم، ایران

3 استادیار گروه ادیان شرق، دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب، قم، ایران

چکیده

از زمان نهضت اصلاحات دینی، متفکران فمینیست پروتستان، صدای اعتراضشان را بلند کرده‌اند. آنها به عنوان مؤمنان راستین دین مسیح، ضمن اشاره به اصول اعتقادی پروتستان، خواستار شرکت‌دادن زنان در کلیه حوزه‌های زندگی شده‌اند. این متفکران، عاشق این سنت بوده‌اند، از آن انتقاد کرده‌اند و در شکل‌گیری‌اش سهیم بوده‌اند. در بررسی رابطه فمینیسم و تاریخچه آیین پروتستان، جنبش‌ها و اشخاصی که هدفشان ارتقای انسانیت کامل زنان یا شکوفایی آنان بوده است بررسی می‌شوند. طبق نظر فمینیست‌های پروتستان، پیشرفت واقعی و نمود در این جهان، صرفاً زمانی میسر است که خلقت برابر زنان در تصور خدا عملاً و نظراً تأیید شود. اعتقادات پروتستان‌ها راجع به ویژگی آفرینندگی خداوند، اساس تلاش برای پذیرش زنان به‌ عنوان مبلّغ، رأی‌دهنده و اعضای منصوب‌شده کلیسا را شکل می‌دهد. در این بخش پس از مطرح‌کردن گزارشی تاریخی، متون، موضوعات و اشخاص برجسته دوران اخیر را بررسی می‌کنیم و در آخر با به تصویر کشیدن آینده، رابطه بین فمینیسم و آیین پروتستان را بررسی خواهیم کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Bednarowski, Mary Farrell (1993). Outside the Mainstream: Women’s Religion and Women Religious Leaders in Nineteenth-Century America. In Martin Marty (ed.), Modern American Protestantism and its World: Historical Articles on Protestantism in American Religious Life, 12: Women and Women’s Issues. Munich: Saur, pp. 68–91.
Blaisdell, Charmarie Jenkins (1985). The Matrix of Reform: Women in the Lutheran and Calvinist Movements. In Richard Graves (ed.), Triumph Over Silence: Women in Protestant History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, pp. 13–44.
Book of Confessions (1994). In The Constitution of the Presbyterian Church (USA). Louisville, KY: Office of the General Assembly.
Brock, Rita Nakashima (1988). Journeys By Heart: A Christology of Erotic Power. New York: Crossroad.
Brock, Rita Nakashima and Parker, Rebecca Ann (2001). Proverbs of Ashes: Violence, Redemptive Suffering, and the Search for What Saves Us. Boston: Beacon Press.
Calvin, John (1960). Institutes of the Christian Religion, ed. John T. McNeill, trans. Ford Lewis Battles, vol. XX of the Library of Christian Classics. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press.
Calvin, John (1988). Calvin’s New Testament Commentaries: A New Translation, David W. Torrance and Thomas F. Torrance (eds.). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
Cannon, Katie Geneva (1988). Black Womanist Ethics. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.
Chopp, Rebecca (1995). Saving Work: Feminist Practices of Theological Education. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press.
Chung, Hyun Kyung (1990). Struggle to Be the Sun Again: Introducing Asian Women’s Theology. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis.
Daly, Mary (1973). Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation. Boston: Beacon Press.
Douglass, Jane Dempsey (1985). Women, Freedom, and Calvin. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
Duff, Nancy J. (1997). Vocation, Motherhood, and Marriage. In Jane Dempsey Douglass and James F. Kay (eds.), Women, Gender, and Christian Community. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press.
Gifford, Carolyn DeSwarte (1993). Sisterhoods of Service and Reform: Organized Methodist Women in the Late Nineteenth Century. An Essay on the State of the Research. In Martin Marty (ed.), Modern American Protestantism and its World: Historical Articles on Protestantism in American Religious Life, 12: Women and Women’s Issues. Munich: Saur, pp. 174–89.
Greaves, Richard L. (ed.) (1985). Women in Early English Nonconformity. In Richard L. Greaves (ed.), Triumph Over Silence: Women in Protestant History. London: Greenwood Press, pp. 3–12.
Hall, David (ed.) (1968). The Antinomian Controversy, 1636–1638: A Documentary History. Middletown, CT: Greenwood Press.
Huber, Elaine C. (1993). They Weren’t Prepared to Hear: A Closer Look at The Women’s Bible. In Martin Marty (ed.), Modern American Protestantism and its World: Historical Articles on Protestantism in American Religious Life, 12: Women and Women’s Issues. Munich: Saur, pp. 168–73.
Isasi-Díaz, Ada Maria (1993). En la lucha/In The Struggle: A Hispanic Women’s Liberation Theology. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
Keller, Catherine (1986). From a Broken Web: Separation, Sexism and Self. Boston: Beacon Press.
Ludlow, Dorothy P. (1985). Sectarian Women in England, 1641–1700. In Richard L. Greaves (ed.), Triumph Over Silence: Women in Protestant History. London: Greenwood Press, pp. 93–123.
McFague, Sallie (1993). The Body of God: An Ecological Theology. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
Moran, Gerald F. (1985). “The Hidden Ones”: Women and Religion in Puritan New England. In Richard L. Greaves (ed.), Triumph Over Silence: Women in Protestant History. London: Greenwood Press, pp. 125–49.
Oduyoye, Mercy (1995). Daughters of Anowa: African Women and Patriarchy. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis.
Procter-Smith, Marjorie (1990). In Her Own Rite: Constructing Feminist Liturgical Tradition. Nashville: Abingdon Press.
Ruether, Rosemary Radford (1983). Sexism and God-Talk: Toward a Feminist Theology. Boston: Beacon Press.
Ruether, Rosemary Radford (1992). Gaia and God: An Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing. San Francisco: HarperCollins.
Ruether, Rosemary Radford (1998). Women and Redemption: A Theological History. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
Russell, Letty (1974). Human Liberation in a Feminist Perspective – A Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
Russell, Letty and Clarkson, Shannon (eds.) (1996). Dictionary of Feminist Theologies. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press.
Saiving, Valerie (1979). The Human Situation: A Feminine View. In Carol P. Christ and Judith Plaskow (eds.), Woman spirit Rising: A Feminist Reader in Religion. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 25–42.
Schneir, Miriam (ed.) (1972). Feminism: The Essential Historical Writings. New York: Random House.
Schüssler Fiorenza, Elizabeth (1993). In Memory of Her: A Feminist Theological Reconstruction of Christian Origins. New York: Crossroad.
Scott, Anne Firor (1993). On Seeing and Not Seeing: A Case of Historical Invisibility. In Martin Marty (ed.), Modern American Protestantism and its World: Historical Articles on Protestantism in American Religious Life, 12: Women and Women’s Issues. Munich: Saur, pp. 18–32.
Sprunger, Keith L. (1985). God’s Powerful Army of the Weak: Anabaptist Women of the Radical Reformation. In Richard L. Greaves (ed.), Triumph Over Silence: Women in Protestant History. London: Greenwood Press, pp. 45–74.
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady ([1895] 1993), The Women’s Bible. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Tamez, Elsa (2002). The Amnesty of Grace: Justification by Faith from a Latin American Perspective. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock.
Tappa, Louise (1988). The Christ-Event: A Protestant Perspective. In Virgina Fabella and M. A. Oduyoye (eds.), With Passion and Compassion: Third World Women Doing Theology. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, pp. 30–4
Tolbert, Mary Ann (1989). Protestant Feminists and the Bible: On the Horns of a Dilemma. Union Seminary Quarterly Review 43 (1–4): 1–17.
Trible, Phyllis (1978). God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
Williams, Delores (1993). Sisters in the Wilderness: The Challenge of Womanist God-Talk. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis