نودینی شیعیان آفریقای شرقی: بررسی میدانی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه ادیان و عرفان تطبیقی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان

چکیده

اسلام و مسیحیت، در نتیجهٔ تلاش‌های تبشیری سازمان‌یافته در آفریقای شرقی رو به گسترش نهاده‌اند. در این تحقیق نودینان مسلمان در تانزانیا و کنیا بررسی شده‌اند. این مطالعه به منظور تعیین میزان تأثیر تبلیغات سازمان اسلامی در تغییر کیش آنان بوده است. همچنین، به دنبال یافتن پاسخ این پرسش‌ها است که: آیا نهادهای دینی و فعالیت‌های غیردینی، مثل فعالیت‌های توسعه اقتصادی، در راستای رفع نیازهای آنها خدماتی داشته‌اند؟ و آیا ارتباطی میان سازمان‌های تبلیغ اسلامی و نودینان وجود دارد یا خیر.

کلیدواژه‌ها


منابع

Aghaie, K. (2005). The Women of Karbala: Ritual Performance and Symbolic Discourses in Modern Shi‘i Islam, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Ahmed, C. (2009). ‘Network of Islamic NGOs in sub-Saharan Africa: Bilal Muslim Mission, African Muslim Agency (Direct Aid) and al-Haramayn’, in: Journal of Eastern African Studies, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 426-437.
Arnold, T. (2003). The Spread of Islam in the World: A History of Peaceful Preaching, New Delhi: Goodword Books, Bilal Muslim Mission Annual Report (2011).
Bosch, D. J. (1997). Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission, New York: Orbis.
Daftary, F. (1990). The Isma’ilis – their History and Doctrines, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Elad-Altman, I. (2007). ‘The Sunni-Shia Conversion Controversy’, in: Current Trends in Islamic Ideology, vol. 5, Washington: Hudson Institute.
Esposito, J. L. (2004). The Islamic World: Past and Present, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ezzati, A. (2002). The Spread of Islam: The Contributing Factors, London: Islamic College for Advanced Studies Press.
Insoll, T. (2003). The Archaeology of Islam in Sub Saharan Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jaffer, A. M. M. (1984). An Outline History of Khoja Shia Ithna’asheri in Eastern Africa, Kenya: Bilal Press.
Jaffer, H. A. M. (2009). Relentless Endeavours – Reflections on Mulla Asgharali M. M. Jaffer (1936–2000), New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur’an.
Johnson, M. and Grim, B. J. (eds.) (2010). World Religion Database: International Religious Demographic Statistics and Sources, New York: Brill.
Kaba, A. J. (2005). ‘Spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa’, in: Western Journal of Black Studies, No. 29, pp. 561-563.
Kasozi, A. B. K. (1986). The Spread of Islam in Uganda, Kampala: Oxford University Press.
Kettani, M. A. (1982). ‘Muslim East Africa: an Overview’, in: Journal of Institute of MuslimMinority Affairs, No. 4, pp. 235-240.
Lodhi, A. Y. (1994). ‘Muslims in Eastern Africa - Their Past and Present’, in: Nordic Journal of African Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 88-98.
Mazrui A. A. and Mazrui A. M. (1995). Swahili, State and Society: The Political Economy of an African Language, Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers.
Nimtz, A. H. (1980). Islam and Politics in East Africa, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Njenga, A. (1995). Development of Islamic Integrated Education Programme - a Report of Study Carried Out in Kwale, Kilifi, Mombasa and Isiolo Districts for the Period 1986 – 1995, Nairobi: KIE.
Nkonge, A. C. (2009). ‘A Diagnosis of Conflicts and Factions among the Ugandan Muslims’, A paper presented at a conference organized by Uganda Muslim Professionals August 3, 2009, Kampala.
Norman, R. B. (1973). ‘The Arab Impact’ in: Zamani, A Survey of East African History, ed. B.A Ogot, Nairobi: Longman.
Rambo, L. R. (1993). Understanding Religious Conversion, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Ray, B. C. (1976). African Religions: Symbol, Ritual and Community, Englewood: Prentice Hall.
Robert, D. L. (ed). (2008). Converting Colonialism: Visions and Realities in Mission History 1706–1914, New York: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
Rudvin, I. F. (2007). Christian Mission and Islamic Da’wah: Proceedings of the Chambésy Dialogue Consultation, UK: Islamic Foundation.
Ruffle, K. (2011). Gender, Sainthood, and Everyday Practice in South Asian Shi‘ism, Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.
Sanders, E. R. (2011). Missionaries and Muslims in East Africa before the Great War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schubel, V. (1993). Religious Performance in Contemporary Islam: Shi‘i Devotional Rituals in Southt Asia, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
Sekatawa, J. (2009). Politics and Development of Muslim Communities in Sub- Saharan Africa, Essop: Istanbul.
 
Semakula, K. (1971). A History of Buganda [sic] from the Foundation of the Kingdom to 1900, London: Longman.
Terdman, M. and Paz, R. (2007). ‘Islamization and Da’wah in Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of the African Muslim Agency (AMA)’ in: African Occasional Papers, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 1-12.
Trimingham, J. S. (1964). Islam in East Africa, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Twaddle, R. (1975). Expulsion of a Minority - Essays on Ugandan Asians, London: Athlome Press.
Viera, P. (1972). ‘Crescent or Cross? - Islam and Christianity missions in 19th Century East and Central Africa’, in: Journal of Asian and African Studies, Vol. 15, pp. 444-482.
Zebiri, K. (2008). British Muslim Converts, Choosing Alternative Lives, Oxford: Oneworld Publications.