مسئله تأثیر ادیان: زرتشتی‌گری، یهودیت و مسیحیت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

چکیده

دین زرتشتی دین ایرانیان باستان است که همواره به دلیل قدمت و تأثیرات آن بر روی باورهای اقوام دیگر، از جمله یهودیت و مسیحیت، موضوع بررسی محققان قرار گرفته است؛ هرچند بسیاری از این تحقیقات متن‌محور نبوده و فقط به بیان کلیاتی از این تأثیرات اشاره کرده و از رویکردهای مختلف، از جمله مسائل زبانی و رجوع به منابع مقدس دین زرتشتی، یهودیت و مسیحیت کمتر بهره برده است. اگرچه عنوان این مقاله ظاهراً بیان می‌کند که به دنبال پاسخ به مسئله تأثیر دین زرتشتی بر یهودیت و مسیحیت است اما در واقع به دنبال آن است تا به سه هدف بررسی انواع استدلالات مقایسه‌ای در بحث تأثیر و تأثرات ادیان از یکدیگر، نقش مسائل زبانی در روشن‌شدن این تعاملات و نیز ادراکات مختلف از هر دین و نقش آن در بررسی این تعاملات بپردازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


"Daniele e la teoria greca della successione degli imperi" (1980). ACcademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti ser. 8, 35: 157-62.
"Demon, Demonology" (1962b). In: The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible,vol. 1, pp. 817-24, New York: Abingdon Press.
"How much Iranian in Jewish Babylonia?" (1976). In: Talmudic Judaism in Sasanian Babylonia, pp. 134-49, Leiden.
"Iran und Israel" (1967). In: Festschrift fur Wilhelm Eilers, pp. 74-84, Ed. by G. Wiessner, Wiesbaden: Harassowitz.
"Iranischer Beitrag zu Problemen des Daniel ـ und Esther Buches" (1961). In: Lex Tua Veritas, pp. 127-36, Ed. by H. Gross and F. Mussner, Trier: Paulinus Verlag.
"Monotheismus in Israel und in der Religion Zarathustras" (1957). In: Biblische Zeitschrift Neue Folge 1: 23-58.
"Quelques Rapports entre juifs et iraniens a 1'époque des parthes," (1957). Vetus Testamentum Supplements 4 (Strasbourg Congress Volume), pp. 197-241.
"Qumran and Iran: Further Considerations," (1972). In: Israel Oriental Studies, 2: 433-46.
"The Fault of the Greeks" and "Eastern Elements in Post-Exilic Jewish, and Greek, Historiography" (1977). In: Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography, pp. 9-35, Oxford: Blackwell.
"The Image of God in Genesis-Some Linguistic and Historical Considerations," (1974?), in: Old Testament Studies,Pretoria.
"The Zoroastrian Doctrine of Salvation in the Roman World: a Study of the Oracle of Hystaspes," (1973). In: Man and his Salva- tion(S. G. F. Brandon Memorial Volume), pp. 125-48, Ed. by E. J. Sharpe and J. R. Hinnells, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
A History of the Jews in Babylonia (1965b). Vol. 1: The Parthian Period, Leiden: E. J. Brill.
A History of the Jews in Babylonia (1966). Vol. 2: The Early Sasanian Period, Leiden: E. J.Brill.
A History of Zoroastrianism (1982). Vol. 11: Under the Achuemenians. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
A Persian Stronghold of Zoroastrianism (1977).Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Aramaic Documents (1957). Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung des Landes Nordrhein Westfalen: Geisteswissenschaften, Heft 70, Köln and Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
Asmussen, J. P. (1961). "Das iranische Lenwort NaKCIr in der Kriegsrolle von Qumran," in: Acta Orientalia, 26: 3-20.
Barr, James (1968-69). "The Image of God in the Book of Genesis-A Study of Terminology," in: Bulletin of the John Rylands Library,51: 11-26.
Biblical Words for Time (1969). 2d ed., Studies in Biblical Theology No. 33, London: SCM Press.
Bonn: Selbstverlag des orientalistischen Seminars der Universität Bonn.
Boyce, Mary (1975). A History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. I: The Early Period. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Brill, E. J. (1982). "Comparing Religions: Zoroastrianism and Judaism," In: Formative Judaism: Religious, Historical and Literary Studies, pp. 37-42, Chico, CA: Scholars Press.
Brockelmann, Carl (1928). Lexicon Syriacum, 2d ed., Halle: Max Niemeyer, Repr. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1966.
Carmignac, J. (1955). "Précisions apportées au vocabulaire de l’Hébreu biblique par la guerre des fils de lumière contre les fils de tenèbres," in: Vetus Testamentum, 5: 345-65.
Collins, John Joseph (1977). The Apocalyptic Vision of the Book of Daniel, Missoula, MT: Scholars Press.
Colpe, Carsten, "Werfen die neuen Funde vom Toten Meer Licht auf das Verhältnis von iranischer und jüdischer Religion?" In: Aktendes 24. Internationalen Orientalisten-Kongress, Munchen, pp. 479-81, Ed. by H. Francke, Wiesbaden.
Concordant Discord (1970). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cowley, Arthur Ernest (1923). Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B. C., Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Dandamaev, M. A. (1963). Iran pri pervych Achemeniden, Moscow: Izdatelstvo vostočnoy literatury.
de Menasce, J. P. (1956). "Iranian Naxč ir," in: Vetus Testamentum, 6: 213-14.
Die altpersische Religion und das Judentum (1920). Giessen: Töpelmann.
Dresden, M. J. (1962). "Ahasueras"; "Artaxerxes"; "Cyrus"; "Darius"; "Media"; "Pahlavi"; "Persia"; "Xerxes," In: Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, Nashville: Abingdon Press.
Driver, Godfrey Rolles (1955). "Problems in the Hebrew Text of Job," In: Wisdom in Israel and the Ancient Near East, presented to Professor Harold Henry Rowley, (Vetus Testamentum Supplements3), pp. 72-93, Ed. by Martin Noth, Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Duchesne-Guillemin, J. (1953). Ohrmazd et Ahriman. L’Aventure dualitée dans l’antiquité, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Dupont-Sommer, André (1952). "L'lnstruction sur les deux Esprits dans le Manuel de Discipline," in: Revue de l'Histoire des Religions,142: 5-35.
Flusser, David (1972). "The Four Empires in the Fourth Sibyl and in the Book of Daniel," in: Israel Oriental Studies,2: 148-75.
Frye, Richard N. (1962). "Reitzenstein and Qumran revisited by an Iranian," in: Harvard Theological Review,55: 261-68.
Gaster, T. H. (1962a). "Angel," In: The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible,vol. 1, pp. 128-34, New York: Abingdon Press.
Gershevitch, Ilya (1959). The Avestan Hymn to Mithra, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Griffiths, J. Gwyn (1970). Plutarch's De hide et Osiride, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Hanson, Paul (1975). The Dawn of Apocalyptic, Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
Hengel, Martin (1974). Judaism and Hellenism, 2 vols. Trans. by J. Bowden, London: SCM Press.
Hinnells, John R. (1969). "Zoroastrian Saviour Imagery and its Influence on the New Testament," in: Numen, 16: 161-85.
Iranisch-semitische Kulturbegegnung in parthischer Zeit (1960).
Jones, Robert G. (1964). "The Manual of Discipline (lQS), Persian Religion, and the Old Testament," In: The Teacher's Yoke: Studies in Memory of Henry Trantham,pp. 94-108. Ed. by E. J. Vardaman and J. L. Garrett. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.
Kent, Roland G. (1953). Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, 2d ed., New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.
Kuhn, K. G. (1952). "Die Sektenschrift und die iranische Religion," in: Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche, 49: 296-316.
La Religion de l'lran ancient (1962). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1893). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, London: Longmans, Green nd Co.
MacKenzie, David Neil (1971). A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. London: Oxford University Press.
Manson, Thomas Walter (1951). The Teaching of Jesus, Cambridge: The University Press.
Mayer, Rudolf (1956). Die biblische Vorstellung vom Weltenbrand: eine Untersuchung uber die Beziehungen zwischen Parsismus und Judentum, In: Bonner Orientalistische Studien, vol. 4.
Milik, Josef Tadeusz (1976). The Books of Enoch, Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Momigliano, Arnaldo (975). Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Moore, George Foot (1927). Judaism, 3 vols. (1927-1930). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Moulton, J. H. (1913). Early Zoroastrianism, London: Williams and Norgate.
Neusner, Jacob (1965a). "Note on Baruch ben Neriah and Zoroaster," in: Numen, 12: 66-69.
persian unter den ersten Achämeniden (6. Jahrhundert v. chr.) (1976). Beiträge zur Iranistik, Bd. 8. Reichert, German translation of the above, Wiesbaden: Reichert.
Porten, Bezalel (1968). Archives from Elephantine, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Pritchard, James Bennett (1969). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rabin, Chaim (1963). "Hittite Words in Hebrew," in: Orientalia ns. 32: 113-39.
Reicke, Bo (1959). "Iranische Religion, Judentum und Urchristentum," In" Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3d ed., Vol. iii, pp. 881-84, Tübingen.
Russell, David Syme (1964). The Method and Message of Jewish Apocalyptic, Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
Schaeder, H. H. (1930). Esra der Schreiber, Beiträge zur historischen Theologie, vol. 5, Tübingen.
Scheftelowitz, Isidor (1901). Arisches im Alten Testament, Inaugural Dissertation, Königsberg.
Schweizer, Eduard (1964). "Gegenwart des Geistes und eschatologische Hoffnung bei Zarathustra, spätjudischen Gruppen, Gnostikern und den Zeugen des Neuen Testaments," In: The Background of the New Testament and Its Eschatology, pp. 482-508, Ed. By W. D. Davies and D. Daube, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shaked, S. (1971). "The Notions mēnōg and gētīg in the Pahlavi Texts and their Relation to Eschatology," in: Acta Orientalia, 33: 59-107.
Simpson, D. C. (1913). "Tobit," In: The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. 1, pp. 174-241, Ed. by R. H. Charles, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Smith, Morton (1963). "I1 Isaiah and the Persians," in: Journal of the American Oriental Society, 83: 415-21.
Soden, Wolfram von (1972). Akkadisches Handwörterbuch, Vol. 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Ta-Shma, Israel Moses (1971). "Agrat bat Mahalath," In: Encyclopedia Judaica, vol. 2, 374.
The Heritage of Persia (1963). London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
The Western Response to Zoroaster (1958). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Wernberg-Moller, P. (1961) "A Reconsideration of the Two Spirits in the Rule of the Community," in: Revue de Qumran, 3: 413-41.
Widengren, George (1954). "Stand und Aufgabe der iranischen Religionsgeschichte," in: Numen, 1: 16-83.
Wikgren, A. (1962). "Tobit, Book of, " In: The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, vol. 4, pp. 658-62, New York: Abingdon Press.
Winston, David (1966). "The Iranian Component in the Bible, Apocrypha, and Qumran: A Review of the Evidence," in: History of Religions, 5: 183-216.
Yadin, Yigael (1962). The Scroll of the War of the Sons of Light against the Sons of Darkness, London: Oxford University Press.
Zaehner, R. C. (1961). The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Zimmermann, Frank (1958). The Book of Tobit, New York: Harper.
Zoroastrians. Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (1979). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.